Pediatric cardiologists perform the Fontan and Fontan Conversion procedures in children in order to divert unoxygenated blood to pulmonary arteries without a pumping chamber and ensure that enough oxygen can be delivered to the body. The Fontan procedure is done in two to three stages, which are initiated by the positioning of a systemic or pulmonary artery shunt. Here, the systemic artery is connected to the pulmonary arteries using a Gore-Tex tube graft. In the next stage – when the child is approximately six months or older – the shunt is replaced with a bidirectional Glenn shunt. In the final stage – at around 2 ½ years – the Fontan operation takes place to direct the blood from the inferior vena cava to the lungs. This allows blood to be reoxygenated into the lungs without needing to be pumped out using just the pressure within the child’s veins. In the end, all venous blood flow has been directed to the pulmonary arteries, leaving a single ventricle to supply oxygenated blood to the body and establish proper oxygen levels.
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